The Communication Accommodation Theory Through...

This paper is going to show insight and inside knowledge of the communication accommodation theory through convergence, divergence, social identity, and initial orientation. Throughout this paper, evidence will be shown through these four different elements and four studies on how they play an enormous role within communication behavior. Research that I have conducted show studies that have tested and analyzed how participants in each test use these four elements when speaking with a foreigner. I am going to apply these tests and results to my own experiences when I am speaking with a foreigner, specifically for when I am in Sweden each summer when I am communicating with Swedes. Then I will to go through and analyze how I converge, diverge, use initial orientation and social identity while speaking with a Swede. I am a dual-citizen of Sweden and the United States, I have the privilege to go back to Sweden and stay there every summer. Since I am not the best Swedish speaker, I am going to apply my experiences while I am there through the communication accommodation theory, and four significant elements within that theory; which include convergence, divergence, initial orientation, and social identity. In this paper, I argue that past studies are not as in-depth in analyzing all possible situations such as my own situation applied through these elements. Especially since applying this to foreigner communication, there is a twist since all Swedish citizensShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. OrganizationalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. 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RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE UNDER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2371 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE UNDER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS The international community faces a daunting task of assuring and providing adequate health care to its ever growing population. The concomitant aspect of health i.e. health care has been internationally recognized and provides for a fundamental basic human right. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE UNDER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS" essay for you Create order It is a matter of fulfilment and satisfaction that the international community has quite a few significant achievements to its credit in the field of health. The conquest of small-pox, a deadly disease, the dramatic increase in the life expectancy and the global increase in the public expenditure for health care have been some of the outstanding achievements of the present century.[1] However, these achievements pale into insignificance when appreciated in the context of the formidable problems and obstacles which the states have to encounter and surmount in their efforts to survive for the attainment of the international goals. The most formidable problems that confront the members of the international community, both the developed and the developing, are the challenges posed by the newly emerging infectious diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, etc. and non- communicable chronic diseases such as cancer, circulatory diseases, metabolic and hormonal imbalances and menta l disorders. It may be appreciated that while the developed world has been able to rid itself of most of the infectious diseases, the developing world is fighting, with its back to the wall, the double burden of these infectious as well as chronic diseases. The concerted global action to improve the quality of life of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people by improved system of health care is an imperative international necessity. The international community has tom fight on a global scale the twin enemies of infectious as well as chronic diseases. This can be done only by providing effective and comprehensive health care programmes in the national jurisdiction of the member countries. These programmes must address not only the problem of providing health or medical care for the individual but also the problem of providing healthy living conditions such as clean water, clean air, nutritious food, adequate housing, hygienic sanitation facilities, immunisation and firmly established h ealth services. This is really a formidable international obligation and a testing challenge to the developing countries especially which cannot be met without the cooperation and help of the developed countries. So the developing countries, particularly African and South Asian countries, should take this task seriously and should pull up their sleeves to take their health care commitment critically. These countries should strive to translate the international human right to health care into an enforceable basic human need in their national jurisdictions by appropriate constitutional and legislative measures so that the right may not remain a distant mirage. The right to health care, as an international human right, is founded on the edifice of the prescriptions of the United Nations Charter, the International Bill of Rights, the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, etc. There fore the members of the international community are expected to build their health care strategies on this edifice. United Nations Charter The United Nations Charter does not expressly provides for the provisions for health care. The Charter declares that the promotion of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinctions based on race, sex, language or religion is one of its fundamental purposes of the establishment of the United Nations Organization.[2] To achieve this purpose, the United Nations is charged with the responsibility to promote, interalia, higher standards of living, full employment, conditions of economic and social progress and development, and solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems.[3] In similar vein, the member states are obliged to pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the United Nations Organization for the achievement of the declared purposes.[4] Thus, the Un ited Nations which is charged with the promotion of respect for human rights has to function through the General Assembly which is entrusted with this function.[5] It is an accepted fact that the resolutions of the General Assembly are not at all legally binding on the member countries. Consequently, many member states have not thought it appropriate and necessary to respect and observe human rights in their national jurisdictions. Nevertheless, the international legal obligation to promote respect for, and observance of, human rights, as enshrined in the United Nations Charter is significant in one sense, for, it serves to remove the subject of human rights from the exclusive domestic domain and to transform it into a subject of international concern.[6] This has paved the way for the adoption of not only the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly but also the conclusion of various international multilateral human rights instruments by the U.N. as well its specialised agencies and various regional inter-governmental organizations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Ever since the adoption by the world community of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. Public disclosures relating to health have been conducted in the language of rights on the assumption that the State has definite obligations in the maintenance of public health, that is, conditions in which people can live healthy. The adoption of the UDHR by the U.N. General Assembly revolutionized the human rights in the world, thereby marking the ushering in of a new era in the mankindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s struggle for freedom and human dignity. The Declaration proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights[7] and that they are entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms are set forth in this Declaration can be fully realised.[8] A significant feature of the UDHR is that it proclaims a nd recognizes the importance of not only civil and political rights but also economic, social and cultural rights. Of these, individual rights to social security, to work, to protection against unemployment, to rest and leisure and to protection against torture and cruel and inhuman treatment are some of the important rights the enjoyment of which depends on the efficacy of the right to health and health care. Coming to the crucial provision of the Declaration which expressly recognises the right to health, Article 25 reads: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All child ren, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The rights proclaimed by the Declaration are not absolute as they are subject to the authority of the member states to enact laws limiting the exercise of these solely for the purpose of securing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] It may be appreciated that while the Declaration proclaims that all members of the society are entitles to the realisation of the economic, social and cultural rights which are indispensable for enjoyment of manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dignity and development of his personality, their actual realisation has been made dependent on the availability of resources at the disposal of the member states. And the right to heal th is no exception to this basic premise. The International Bill of Human Rights Ever since the adoption by the world community of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, public disclosures relating to health have been conducted in the language of rights on the assumption that the State has definite obligations in the maintenance of public health, that is, conditions in which people can live healthy. In 1996, the international community articulated the right in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Cultural, Economic and Social Rights in the following terms: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“1. The Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 2. The steps to be taken by the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realisation of this right shall include those necessary for: (a) The provision for the reduction o f the still birth rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of then child; (b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene; (c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases; (d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Article 12 of the ICESCR forms a base of right to health. The article recognizes the right of everyone to enjoy the highest standard of physical and mental health. It enumerates four steps to be followed by the State so that everyone can realize the right to health. It states that States must act to enhance the welfare of children in general, such as reduction in still birth rate and infant mortality and health development of the child. States must take measures to improve environment and industrial hygiene, must prevent and treat epidemic, endemic, occupational and other dis eases. States must also strive to optimize health service. Here also the multi-form nature of heath carves a coherent whole in the text of the covenant. Right to health is a means of attaining full development of the right to life and integrity of human person, a means of recognizing right of each individual to what the community owes him, and a means of creating duties under State responsibility to contribute to the satisfaction of the individual aspirations of citizens. A close scrutiny of the measure that the State has to undertake reveals several areas. However, the criticism is often overcome by a counter argument that since human rights treaties are of a law-making character as opposed to contracting treaty, they purport to give fuller effectiveness to their guarantee and hence it is essential that wide ranging and socially evolving, matters affecting health be economic passed within article 12.[10] Although the International Covenants on Human Rights were adopted in 1966, they came into force only in 1976. The instruments were designed to transform the principles proclaimed in the Declaration into binding treaty obligations. Not all states are parties to these Covenants. While the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights incorporate mainly the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first generationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  classical human rights which are negative in nature, imposing only negative obligations on the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parties, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which is more relevant in the context of present discussion embodies the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“second generationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  human rights which are positive in scope and character, imposing positive and affirmative obligations on the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parties.[11] The Covenant also enumerates several other rights which have a bearing on the right to health and health care. The theoretical division between civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights has defi nitely an impact on the nature of right to health. At the outset in contrast to ICCPR, the ICESCR is not immediately binding but subordinated to the principle of progressive realization. This means that treaty provisions are intended to acquire full realization of right only progressively to the maximum of its available resources. From the perspective of right to health this means that realization of the same depends upon resources of the State. So the main drawback of this type of language is that it may be used as a shield by the State to evade responsibilities in ensuring right to health. However, it has been cautioned by the committee on economic, social and cultural rights that the fact that realization overtime or in other words progressively should not be misinterpreted as depriving the obligation of all meaningful content. It is just a flexible tone reflecting realities of the real world and the cultural rights. But as a matter of fact the caution has always been ignored by the States.[12] Another weakness inherent in ICESCR is the nature of language. While ICCPR provisions are formulated in an affirmative and unconditional way such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyone shall have the rightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . ICESCR provisions state only that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“State parties recognize or undertake to ensureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The terms like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"recognizeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"undertake to ensureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were chosen deliberately to lessen the operative force of the provisions and to entrust to States a broader ambit of discretion. Again another important deficiency of ICESCR is that as compared to general clause in Article 2 of ICCPR there is no explicit reference to judicial or other forms of remedy.[13] There is no individual or inter State complaint mechanism as with the operative clause under the ICCPR and its first optional protocol. The State parties to the ICESCR are only required to submit reports to the committee on economic, s ocial and cultural rights on any national legislative and other measures taken to give fuller effect to the right guaranteed in ICESCR. While the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights creates immediate negative legal obligations on the state parties, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights only requires a progressive implementation of positive obligations by the state parties within the scope of their available resources. The Covenant requires each state party to take positive steps to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures. [1] Dr. B. Errabbi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Right to Health Care: Need for its Conversion into a Statutorily Enforceable Basic Human Need à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Indian Perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Delhi Law Review, Vol. 20, 1998, p. 51. [2] United Nations Charter, Article 1(3). [3] Id.. Article 55. [4] Id.. Article 56. [5] Id.. Article 13 (b). [6] Supra note 1. [7] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 1. [8] Id. Article 28. [9] Id. Article 29 (2). [10] Bismi Gopalakrishnan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Right to Health and Resultant Obligationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , The Academy Law Review, Vol. 29, 2005, p. 208-209. [11] Dr. B. Errabbi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Right to Health Care: Need for its Conversion into a Statutorily Enforceable Basic Human Need à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Indian Perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Delhi Law Review, Vol. 20, 1998, p. 55. [12] Supra note 10. [13] Ibid.

Case Study Walk From Britomart Transport Centre On...

About 25 minutes’ walk from Britomart Transport Centre to Karangahape Road, A well-known clinic is located and guided by General Practitioner Dr. Sulochana Chand who has been practising her expertise for 35 years now. Her clinic was established in 1993 and is continuously providing excellent care to Auckland City’s diverse population. The clinic is also supported with two Medical Receptionists to help the Doctor run the daily processes smoothly. Though already 35 years in the service, Dr. Chand believes in the saying, â€Å"learning is a continuous process† and so Dr. Chand together with her staff, continues to nurture and develop their knowledge and skills to improve their service to the people and to do that, the whole clinic must regularly comply to the standards of their corresponding ACO (Chand, S. 2015, May 16, 2015). K’Road Medical Centre is a member of one of the largest Accountable Care Organisation (ACO) named ProCare. Just like CityMed, which is one of the largest private clinic in Auckland Central, also a member and complies with the standards of ProCare (CityMed Ltd, 2015). Though both clinics are under one Accountable Care Organisation, the quality of healthcare that Dr. Chand is giving to her patients has a more personal and caring approach since she has been in the community for a very long time, dealing with her patients is easy and the patients feel comfortable with the doctor as well (Chand, S. 2015, May 16, 2015). ProCare is New Zealand s most respected

Roger Williams Essay Example For Students

Roger Williams Essay Roger Williams A Brief BiographyDrypoint etching, 1936, by Arthur W. Heintzelman, commemorating the Tercentenary of the founding of Rhode Island by Roger Williams. Courtesy of Roger Williams University Archives.ROGER WILLIAMS was born in London, circa 1604, the son of James and Alice (Pemberton) Williams. James, the son of Mark and Agnes (Audley) Williams was a merchant Tailor (an importer and trader) and probably a man of some importance. His will, proved 19 November 1621, left, in addition to bequests to his loving wife, Alice, to his sons, Sydrach, Roger and Robert, and to his daughter Catherine, money and bread to the poor in various sections of London. The will of Alice (Pemberton) Williams was admitted to probate 26 January 1634. Among other bequests, she left the sum of Ten Pounds yearly for twenty years to her son, Roger Williams, now beyond the seas. She further provided that if Roger predeceased her, what remaineth thereof unpaid shall be paid to his wife and daughter. Obviously, by the time of her death, Rogers mother was aware of the birth in America in 1633 of her grandchild, Mary Williams. Rogers youth was spent in the parish of St. Sepulchres, without Newgate, London. While a young man, he must have been aware of the numerous burnings at the stake that had taken place at nearby Smithfield of so-called Puritans or heretics. This probably influenced his later strong beliefs in civic and religious liberty. During his teens, Roger Williams came to the attention of Sir Edward Coke, a brilliant lawyer and one-time Chief Justice of England, through whose influence he was enrolled at Suttons Hospital, a part of Charter House, a school in London. He next entered Pembroke College at Cambridge University from which he graduated in 1627. All of the literature currently available at Pembroke to prospective students mentions Roger Williams, his part in the Reformation, and his founding of the Colony of Rhode Island. At Pembroke, he was one of eight granted scholarships based on excellence in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Pembroke College in Providence, once the womens college of Brown University, was named after Pembroke at Cambridge in honor of Roger Williams. In the years after he left Cambridge, Roger Williams was Chaplain to a wealthy family, and on 15 December 1629, he married MARY BARNARD at the Church of High Laver, Essex, England. Even at this time, he became a controversial figure because of his ideas on freedom of worship. And so, in 1630, ten years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Roger thought it expedient to leave England. He arrived, with Mary, on 5 February 1631 at Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Their passage was aboard the ship Lyon (Lion). He preached first at Salem, then at Plymouth, then back to Salem, always at odds with the structured Puritans. When he was about to be deported back to England, Roger fled southwest out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was befriended by local Indians and eventually settled at the headwaters of what is now Narragansett Bay, after he learned that his first settlement on the east bank of the Seekonk River was within the boundaries of the Plymouth Colony. Roger purchased land from the Narragansett Chiefs, Canonicus and Miantonomi and named his settlement Providence in thanks to God. The original deed remains in the Archives of the City of Providence. Roger Williams made two trips back to England during his lifetime. The first in June or July 1643 was to obtain a Charter for his colony to forestall the attempt of neighboring colonies to take over Providence. .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .postImageUrl , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:hover , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:visited , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:active { border:0!important; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:active , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cambodia and United Nations Essay He returned with a Charter for the Providence Plantations in Narragansett Bay which incorporated Providence, Newport and Portsmouth. During this voyage, he produced his best-known literary work Key into the Languages of America, which when published in London in 1643, made him the authority on American Indians. On his return, Roger Williams started a trading post at Cocumscussoc (now North Kingstown) where he traded with the Indians and was known for his peacemaking between the neighboring colonists and the Indians. But again colony affairs interfered, and in 1651 he sold his trading post and returned to England with John Clarke (a Newpor t preacher) in order to have the Charter confirmed. Because of family responsibilities, he returned sometime before 1654. John Clarke finally obtained the Royal Charter from Charles II on 8 July 1663, thereby averting further trouble with William Coddington and some colonists at Newport, who had previously obtained a charter for a separate colony. Roger Williams was Governor of the Colony 1654 through 1658. During the later years of his life, he saw almost all of Providence burned during King Philips War, 1675-1676. He lived to see Providence rebuilt. He continued to preach, and the Colony grew through its acceptance of settlers of all religious persuasions. The two volumes of the correspondence of Roger Williams recently published by the Rhode Island Historical Society, Glenn W. LaFantasie, Editor, present an excellent picture of his philosophy and personality. Unfortunately, there was no known painting made of him during his lifetime, although many artists and sculptors have portrayed him as they envision him. Roger and Mary (Barnard) Williams were the parents of six children, all born in America: 1. MARY, born at Plymouth, Plymouth Colony, August 1633, died 1684; married JOHN SAYLES in 1650; six children. John and Mary Sayles lived on Aquidneck Island and are buried near Eastons Beach, Middletown, Rhode Island. 2. FREEBORN, born at Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, 4 October 1635, died 10 January 1710; married first THOMAS HART, died 1671; four children. There were no children of Freeborns second marriage to WALTER CLARKE, a Governor of Newport. 3. PROVIDENCE, born at Providence, September 1638, died March 1686; never married. 4. MERCY, born at Providence, 15 July 1640, died circa 1705; married first in 1659 RESOLVED WATERMAN, born July 1638, died August 1670; five children. Mercy married second SAMUEL WINSOR, born 1644, died 19 September 1705; three children. 5. DANIEL, born at Providence, February 1641 counting years to begin about ye 25 of March so yt he was borne above a year ; half after Mercy (Carpenter, Roger Williams), died 14 May 1712; married 7 December 1676 REBECCA (RHODES) POWER, died 1727, widow of Nicholas Power; six children. 6. JOSEPH, born at Providence, 12 December 1643, died 17 August 1724; married LYDIA OLNEY, born 1645, died 9 September 1724; six children. Roger Williams died at Providence between 16 January and 16 April 1683/84, his wife Mary having predeceased him in 1676. His descendants have contributed in many ways, first to the establishment of an independent Colony, later to the establishment of an independent state in a united nation. The United States of America has maintained the reality of separation of church and state which Roger Williams envisioned, and ordained in his settlement at Providence. Sources: Carpenter, Edmund J. , Litt.D., Roger Williams, New York, 1909; Anthony, Bertha W., Roger Williams of Providence, RI, Vol. II, Cranston, RI, 1966; Haley, John Williams, The Old Stone Bank History of Rhode Island , Vol. IV, Providence, 1944; Hall, May Emery, Roger Williams, Boston, 1917.